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<t>(a)</t> <t>X-ray</t> diffraction (XRD) patterns and (b) Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra of whole quinoa flour samples subjected to different dry-heat treatment (DHT) temperatures. Characteristic diffraction peaks at 2θ ≈ 15°, 17°, 18°, and 23° indicate a typical A-type crystalline structure and the major FT-IR absorption regions (amide I band at 1700–1600 cm −1 and carbohydrate backbone at 1060–960 cm −1 ). Control, untreated quinoa flour; 110, 130, and 150 denote quinoa flour treated at 110 °C, 130 °C, and 150 °C for 1 h, respectively.
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Structural characterization of tea polysaccharides from four dark teas. (a) Molecular weight distribution determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC); (b) Monosaccharide composition analysed by PMP-HPLC; (c) UV–visible absorption spectra; (d) Zeta potential; (e) Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA); (f) Derivative thermogravimetry (DTG); (g) Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra; <t>(h)</t> <t>X-ray</t> diffraction (XRD) patterns; (i) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images at 500× and 5000× magnifications. LTPS, LFTPS, HTPS, and HFTPS represent polysaccharides extracted from raw dark tea (Maocha), flowered dark tea, pile-fermented dark tea, and pile-fermented and flowered dark tea, respectively.
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Structural characterization of tea polysaccharides from four dark teas. (a) Molecular weight distribution determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC); (b) Monosaccharide composition analysed by PMP-HPLC; (c) UV–visible absorption spectra; (d) Zeta potential; (e) Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA); (f) Derivative thermogravimetry (DTG); (g) Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra; <t>(h)</t> <t>X-ray</t> diffraction (XRD) patterns; (i) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images at 500× and 5000× magnifications. LTPS, LFTPS, HTPS, and HFTPS represent polysaccharides extracted from raw dark tea (Maocha), flowered dark tea, pile-fermented dark tea, and pile-fermented and flowered dark tea, respectively.
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Structural characterization of tea polysaccharides from four dark teas. (a) Molecular weight distribution determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC); (b) Monosaccharide composition analysed by PMP-HPLC; (c) UV–visible absorption spectra; (d) Zeta potential; (e) Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA); (f) Derivative thermogravimetry (DTG); (g) Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra; <t>(h)</t> <t>X-ray</t> diffraction (XRD) patterns; (i) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images at 500× and 5000× magnifications. LTPS, LFTPS, HTPS, and HFTPS represent polysaccharides extracted from raw dark tea (Maocha), flowered dark tea, pile-fermented dark tea, and pile-fermented and flowered dark tea, respectively.
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Structural characterization of tea polysaccharides from four dark teas. (a) Molecular weight distribution determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC); (b) Monosaccharide composition analysed by PMP-HPLC; (c) UV–visible absorption spectra; (d) Zeta potential; (e) Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA); (f) Derivative thermogravimetry (DTG); (g) Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra; <t>(h)</t> <t>X-ray</t> diffraction (XRD) patterns; (i) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images at 500× and 5000× magnifications. LTPS, LFTPS, HTPS, and HFTPS represent polysaccharides extracted from raw dark tea (Maocha), flowered dark tea, pile-fermented dark tea, and pile-fermented and flowered dark tea, respectively.
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Structural characterization of tea polysaccharides from four dark teas. (a) Molecular weight distribution determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC); (b) Monosaccharide composition analysed by PMP-HPLC; (c) UV–visible absorption spectra; (d) Zeta potential; (e) Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA); (f) Derivative thermogravimetry (DTG); (g) Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra; <t>(h)</t> <t>X-ray</t> diffraction (XRD) patterns; (i) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images at 500× and 5000× magnifications. LTPS, LFTPS, HTPS, and HFTPS represent polysaccharides extracted from raw dark tea (Maocha), flowered dark tea, pile-fermented dark tea, and pile-fermented and flowered dark tea, respectively.
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(a) X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and (b) Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra of whole quinoa flour samples subjected to different dry-heat treatment (DHT) temperatures. Characteristic diffraction peaks at 2θ ≈ 15°, 17°, 18°, and 23° indicate a typical A-type crystalline structure and the major FT-IR absorption regions (amide I band at 1700–1600 cm −1 and carbohydrate backbone at 1060–960 cm −1 ). Control, untreated quinoa flour; 110, 130, and 150 denote quinoa flour treated at 110 °C, 130 °C, and 150 °C for 1 h, respectively.

Journal: Food Chemistry: X

Article Title: From raw material to functional food: Effect of dry-heat treatment on whole quinoa flour structure and dough rheology, with in vivo hypoglycemic validation at the optimal temperature

doi: 10.1016/j.fochx.2026.104360

Figure Lengend Snippet: (a) X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and (b) Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra of whole quinoa flour samples subjected to different dry-heat treatment (DHT) temperatures. Characteristic diffraction peaks at 2θ ≈ 15°, 17°, 18°, and 23° indicate a typical A-type crystalline structure and the major FT-IR absorption regions (amide I band at 1700–1600 cm −1 and carbohydrate backbone at 1060–960 cm −1 ). Control, untreated quinoa flour; 110, 130, and 150 denote quinoa flour treated at 110 °C, 130 °C, and 150 °C for 1 h, respectively.

Article Snippet: X-ray diffraction patterns were obtained using a Smartlab SE X-ray diffractometer (Rigaku, Japan) operated in step-scan mode.

Techniques: Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Control

Structural characterization of tea polysaccharides from four dark teas. (a) Molecular weight distribution determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC); (b) Monosaccharide composition analysed by PMP-HPLC; (c) UV–visible absorption spectra; (d) Zeta potential; (e) Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA); (f) Derivative thermogravimetry (DTG); (g) Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra; (h) X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns; (i) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images at 500× and 5000× magnifications. LTPS, LFTPS, HTPS, and HFTPS represent polysaccharides extracted from raw dark tea (Maocha), flowered dark tea, pile-fermented dark tea, and pile-fermented and flowered dark tea, respectively.

Journal: Food Chemistry: X

Article Title: Pile-fermentation and golden-flower fermentation reshape tea polysaccharides in Tibetan dark tea: structural characteristics and lipid-modulating effects in Caenorhabditis elegans

doi: 10.1016/j.fochx.2026.104390

Figure Lengend Snippet: Structural characterization of tea polysaccharides from four dark teas. (a) Molecular weight distribution determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC); (b) Monosaccharide composition analysed by PMP-HPLC; (c) UV–visible absorption spectra; (d) Zeta potential; (e) Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA); (f) Derivative thermogravimetry (DTG); (g) Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra; (h) X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns; (i) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images at 500× and 5000× magnifications. LTPS, LFTPS, HTPS, and HFTPS represent polysaccharides extracted from raw dark tea (Maocha), flowered dark tea, pile-fermented dark tea, and pile-fermented and flowered dark tea, respectively.

Article Snippet: Powder samples were evenly spread on the sample holder and analysed using an X-ray diffractometer (Rigaku Ultima IV) operated at 40 kV and 40 mA.

Techniques: Molecular Weight, GPC Assay, Zeta Potential Analyzer, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Electron Microscopy